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What is it?
An Amish Compass
Pensylvania Dutch Design
made by
YORKRAFT
of York PA
Measures about 49" extended
and about 36" in half.
great accent for your rustic farm or primitive cabin
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FYI
The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsylvanisch Deitsche), also referred to as Pennsylvania Germans, are an ethnic group in Pennsylvania and other regions of the United States, predominantly in the Mid-Atlantic region of the nation. They largely descend from the Palatinate region of Germany, and settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. While most were from the Palatinate region of Germany, a lesser number were from other German-speaking areas of Germany and Europe, including Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Saxony, and Rhineland in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the Alsace–Lorraine region of France.
The Pennsylvania Dutch spoke Palatine German and other South German dialects, intermixing of Palatine, English, and other German dialects, which formed the Pennsylvania Dutch language as it is spoken today.
Historically, "Dutch" referred to all Germanic dialect speakers, and is the origin of Pennsylvania Dutch, its English translation. The Pennsylvania Dutch name has caused confusion in recent times, as the word Dutch has evolved to associate mainly with people from the Netherlands.
Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch are largely based in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Ohio Amish Country. The most famous Pennsylvania Dutch groups are the Fancy Dutch and the Amish.
Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include Henry J. Heinz, founder of the Heinz food conglomerate, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the family of American businessman Elon Musk.
Etymology
Linguists are divided on the exact origin of the term "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch". Some see it as a corruption or imitation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch (meaning "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German"), while others have suggested the use of "Dutch" is due archaic use of the term, which earlier could refer to any speaker of a Germanic language on the European mainland, in the American colonies. Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz, meaning "popular" or "of the people."
Historically, the term "High Dutch" (a calque of German hochdeutsch) was used alongside "German" to denote the language now called German. Use of the term seems to have been particular, though not exclusive, to America and can be found among several prominant 19th century American authors, most notably in the works of Washington Irving (1783-1859). The oldest German newspaper in Pennsylvania was the High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal in 1743. The first mixed English and German paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1751, described itself as an "English and Dutch gazette," in reference to the High Dutch language spoken in Pennsylvania.
The migration of the Pennsylvania Dutch to the United States predates the emergence of a distinct German national identity, which did not form until the late 18th century. The formation of the German Empire in 1871 resulted in a semantic shift, in which "deutsch" was no longer principally a linguistic and cultural term, but was increasingly used to describe all things related to Germany and its inhabitants. This development did not go unnoticed among the Pennsylvania Dutch who, in the 19th and early 20th century, referred to themselves as Deitsche, while calling newer German immigrants "Deitschlenner", literally meaning "Germany-ers".
Pennsylvania Dutch history in America
Waves of colonial Palatines (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pälzer) from the Rhenish Palatinate initially settled in Maryland, the Carolinas, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. The first Palatines in Pennsylvania arrived in the late 1600s but the majority came throughout the 1700s.
There were several Palatine state citizen groups: New York Palatines, Virginia Palatines, Maryland Palatines, Indiana Palatines; the most numerous and influential were the Pennsylvania Palatines. American Palatines were known collectively as Palatine Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pälzisch Deitsche), and settled many states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa and Southern states.
American Palatines continued to use their language as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants to the United States. The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as Deitsche, and called immigrants of German-speaking countries and territories in Europe Deitschlenner, (literally "Dutchlanders", compare German: Deutschländer), which translates to "European Germans", whom they saw as a distinct group.
These European Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania Dutch cities, where many came to prominence in matters of the church, newspapers, and urban business. After the 1871 unification of the first German Empire, the term "Dutchlander" came to refer to the nationality of people from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country.
Due to strong anti-German sentiment between World War I and World War II, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Plain people, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and German remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.
During the Revolutionary War
The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the Province of Pennsylvania. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the American Revolution; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war. Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman Principality of Waldeck (1702-1782), was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia, and published an early German translation of the Declaration of Independence (1776) in his newspaper Philadelphische Staatsbote. Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the William Tell legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.
Frederick Muhlenberg (1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable:
In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early Hollanders and Palatines, in their brave defense of home, did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country.
In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the war of the American Revolution, notably Nicholas Herkimer.
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York is a city in, and the county seat of, York County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in South Central Pennsylvania, the city's population was 44,800 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Pennsylvania. The city has an urban area population of 238,549 people and a metropolitan population of 456,438 people.
Founded in 1741, York served as the temporary base for the Continental Congress from September 1777 to June 1778, during which the Articles of Confederation were drafted. It is the largest city in the York–Hanover metropolitan area, which is also included in the larger Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area of the Susquehanna Valley.
History
18th century
York was also known as Yorktown in the mid-18th to early 19th centuries. It was founded in 1741 by settlers from the Philadelphia region and named for the English city of the same name. By 1777, most of the area residents were of German or Scots-Irish descent. It was incorporated as a borough on September 24, 1787, and as a city on January 11, 1887.
York served as the temporary base for the Continental Congress from September 30, 1777, to June 27, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Congress drafted and adopted the Articles of Confederation in York, though they were not ratified until March 1781. Congress met at the Court House that was built in 1754. It was demolished in 1841 and rebuilt in 1976 as Colonial Court House.
York styles itself the first Capital of the United States, although historians generally consider it to be the fourth capital, after Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Lancaster (for one day). The claim arises from the assertion that the Articles of Confederation was the first legal document to refer to the colonies as "the United States of America". The argument depends on whether the Declaration of Independence would be considered a true legal document of the United States, being drafted under and in opposition to British rule. This does not, however, prevent modern businesses and organizations in the York area from using the name, such as the First Capital Dispensing Co., First Capital Engineering and First Capital Federal Credit Union.
The Conway Cabal was a political intrigue against General George Washington that originated in the Golden Plough Tavern in York.
19th century
According to U.S. census reports from 1800 through 1840, York ranked within the nation's top one hundred most populous urban areas.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), York became the largest Northern town to be occupied by the Confederate army when the division of Major General Jubal Anderson Early spent June 28–30, 1863 in and around the town while the brigade of John B. Gordon marched to the Susquehanna River at Wrightsville and back. Early placed York under tribute status and collected food, supplies, clothing, shoes, and $28,000 in cash from citizens and merchants before departing westward, obeying the revised orders of Robert E. Lee.
The sprawling York U.S. Army Hospital on Penn Commons served thousands of Union soldiers who had been wounded during the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg.
During the Postbellum era (1865–1877), York remained a regional center for local agriculture, but increasingly became an important industrial center, with such industries as steam engines, railroad manufacturing, and papermaking achieving dominant status.
The York Motor Car Co. built Pullman automobiles on North George St. from 1905 thorough 1917. An early and unique six-wheeled prototype was involved in one of the city's first known automobile accidents. Another model was driven to San Francisco and back during roughly one month to prove its reliability several years prior to the creation of the Lincoln Highway which ran through town, connecting New York City and San Francisco.
The York area had also been home for more than 100 hundred years to the Pfaltzgraff company, which built its first pottery factory in the area in 1895 and continued manufacturing in York until 2005.
Although currently produced by the Hershey Company, the York Peppermint Pattie was created in York in 1940.
Throughout the middle of the 20th century, several incidents of racial prejudice and social injustices occurred in the city. Between 1955 and 1970 there were several racial disturbances, most notably the 1969 York Race Riot, which resulted in the death of Lillie Belle Allen and Henry C. Schaad. These murders were largely left ignored until thirty-one years later, when allegations of murder and racial prejudice were raised against the mayor, Charlie Robertson. Additionally, the city commonly held unopposed Ku Klux Klan rallies and public meetings, fostering further racial tension. Though the murders of Allen and Schaad were solved and the perpetrators were apprehended, the actions, which originated back to the beginnings of the hate group, continue to the present day.
21st century
In 2002, the city faced a budget shortfall of $1,000,000 (~$1.62 million in 2023). Mayor John S. Brenner's plan to raise the money by asking York County's 302,000 adult residents to donate $3.32 to the city received national attention. The plan, referred to by some as the "Big Mac" Plan, did not raise all of the funds sought.
After many years of attempting to secure funding for a stadium and a baseball team to play in it, the first decade of the century saw York realize both goals. In 2007, Santander Stadium (now WellSpan Park), home of the York Revolution, opened in the Arch Street neighborhood. The stadium, along with other large projects such as the York County Judicial Center and the Codo luxury apartment lofts, have come to symbolize York's extensive redevelopment efforts.
Economy
York was the home of dental equipment and false teeth giant, Dentsply Sirona, until the company moved its headquarters to Charlotte, North Carolina in 2019. Though founded in New York by four men, the company moved its headquarters to the site of its factory in the 1900s, where it was run by one of the four founders, George H. Whiteley. Whiteley was an experienced ceramist who was familiar with the process of making artificial teeth. Whiteley was sent by the group to oversee the factory and his family presided over the factory for multiple generations. Dentsply Sirona is a NASDAQ listed company, and internationally known throughout the dentistry business.
York Barbell, which is located in Manchester Township, is a reseller of barbells and other equipment for weight training and bodybuilding, and is the home of the USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame.
A large Harley-Davidson motorcycle factory, which employs roughly half of Harley's production workforce, is located just northeast of York in Springettsbury Township.
The York area is also home to two major manufacturers of modern hydro-power water turbines, Voith Hydro in West Manchester Township and American Hydro in Hellam Township, both of which manufacture enormous parts in their plants.
Spring Garden Township, directly south of York, is the headquarters to York International, a Johnson Controls Company and one of the largest suppliers of HVAC systems in the United States. On February 2, 1998, a massive explosion occurred at the York International plant. A spark set off a leak in the nearby propane storage house, causing a blast that was felt up to twenty-five miles away, which blew out windows nearby and knocked down doors. Roughly twenty people were injured, and one person was killed in the explosion, which occurred during a shift change.
The Stauffer Biscuit Company, owned by Meiji Seika of Japan since February 2004, which was previously based in York, produced animal crackers since 1871; it is currently based in Spring Garden Township.
Just north of York in East Manchester Township is one of only four Starbucks roasting facilities in the world.
The York area also boasts a BAE Systems facility in West Manchester Township which assembles various military tanks and equipment.
The P.H.Glatfelter paper company, founded in 1864, was headquartered in York until mid-2020 when it relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. Glatfelter had sold its nearby Spring Grove paper mill in 2018. The paper mill is now operated by Pixelle Specialty Solutions, LLC.
In addition, Christmas Tree Hill, a popular national Christmas, home decor and gift retailer, has been based in York since its founding in 1971. Its flagship location is housed in the historic Meadowbrook Mansion, which was built in East York during the early 1800s. The six columns on the mansion's front porch were reused from the second York County Courthouse cupola, which had been located at 28 East Market Street from 1841 until it was taken down in 1898 to make room for the third courthouse.
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UNIVERSAL YORK
Remember Yorkraft? Pa. Dutch to Sixties decor
June Llloyd YorkDailyRecord
A valuable reference for research on the “Pennsylvania Dutch” (Pennsylvania Germans) is the now defunct Pennsylvania Folklife magazine, published first in 1946 as The Pennsylvania Dutchman. The articles were scholarly, but popular. The founding editors were well known historians Dr. Alfred Shoemaker, Dr. Donald Yoder and Dr. J. William Frey. The last issue appeared in 1997. I will tell you more about this very good resource later.
As I was reading an article in one of the 1946 issues, a Yorkraft ad caught my eye. They were a York company who manufactured all kids of decorative signs and novelties, including Pennsylvania Dutch trinkets. The ad reads:
YORKRAFT Pennsylvania Dutch… Greeting Cards and Gift items, for inspiration, draw upon a rich store of folklore and folk-arts of the Pennsylvania Dutch who have probably contributed more than any other group, to the Early American Folk Arts. Yorkraft has caught the charm and spirit of their decoration and design, their quaint speech and humor and their picturesque dress and customs, which still persist in Pennsylvania and to some extent in other parts of the country settled by Pennsylvania Dutch folks.
Products listed were: “Yorkraft Boxed Note Cards, Everyday Cards, Bridge Tallies, House Blessings, Place Mats, Napkins, Christmas Cards, etc.” Interested parties were to write York Studios, 350 South Albemarle St., York, Pa. [Now the site of Continental Signs.]
Yorkraft, Inc. appears in Greater York in Action, published in 1968 by the York Area Chamber of Commerce. Decorating trends, and Yorkraft’s products, had changed in 20 years. Perhaps the coming Bicentennial was shifting interest to the 18th century. The company description in the YACC book is:
Yorkraft, Inc., maintains a four-story manufacturing plant at 550 South Pine Street, for the purpose of dealing in the firm’s principal commodity--nostalgia. Tavern signs, proud American eagles, soldiers in buckskin, quaint clocks, famous old trains and ships--these symbols from America’s colorful past have made Yorkraft a nationally known name in the home decorating field. Yorkcraft’s old-fashioned stick candy, another symbol of Americana, is charmingly displayed in apothecary jars and has become prominent in shops and resorts across the country. Basically, Yorkraft works with wood. Tavern signs are faithfully reproduced in hand screened colors on wood backgrounds that are subtly antiqued to recreate the effect of the originals. Eagles and soldiers are carved and hand painted in the rough textured style of Colonial times. And if the required mood is one of elegance, Yorkraft provides that too. Yorkraft’s collection of wall decorations and accessories numbers well over three hundred individual pieces. Decorators use Yorkraft with great success throughout the home and in countless commercial installations.
I remember stopping in and browsing occasionally at their outlet store at the factory. I think I have a large L sign packed away somewhere that never made it to the wall. I remember seeing jars of candy sticks for sale in various gift shops, but I didn’t remember that they were connected to Yorkraft.
(PICTURES 12 & 13 AND VIDEO FOR DISPLAY ONLY)
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